Now Is The Time To Start A Fall Vegetable Garden

Fall Vegetable Gardening

Tom Ingram: Ask A Master Gardener

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Q: Our weather was so wet this spring, my vegetable garden never really took off. I was thinking of starting a fall garden. What vegetables can I grow in the fall? BD

A: We feel your pain. Due to our wet spring, just about the time tomatoes started doing well, many gardeners started getting blossom drop. Blossom drop occurs when the nighttime temperatures are above 70 degrees and the daytime temperatures are consistently above 92 degrees. When this happens, the best plan is to help your tomato plants survive the summer so that they can begin to fruit again when the weather cools down. There is no need to pull them out and start with new plants, unless you have some disease issues going on and want a fresh start or to try a different variety.

What many people do not realize is that some of the best and tastiest vegetables are grown in the fall when warm, sunny days and cool, humid nights create wonderful growing conditions.

Fall crops can be divided into two groups: tender and semi-hardy. Tender means these vegetables will need to reach full maturity and production before the first frost bring their season to an end. Semi-hardy means these plants will continue to grow and have harvestable fruits until after several frosts.

In northeast Oklahoma, Nov. 15 is our average first freeze date. So, unless something unusual happens (in Oklahoma?), you can have fresh vegetables straight from the vine until November and then refrigerate the rest for continued enjoyment.

Good tender varieties you could plant now include bush beans, lima beans, cucumber and squash. Semi-hardy crops include cabbage and cauliflower (transplants), collards, potatoes (seed potatoes), kale, kohlrabi, lettuce, parsnips, radish, swiss chard and turnips.

Beginning in September, you can plant garlic and onions, which are great crops to start in the fall, as they grow all winter. If you do this, in late spring next year, you can harvest fresh garlic and onions to last you the entire year (if you grew enough).

Whether you have a summer or fall garden, mulch should be an important part of your garden strategy, as it helps retain moisture, as well as reduces the need for weeding. In addition, mulch helps control soil temperature swings during the day. The soil temperature of un-mulched soil can vary up to 30 degrees per day with mulch reducing that to 10-15 degrees per day. Your plants will be happier and will perform better with mulch. In addition, mulch can provide a barrier for soil-borne diseases, such as septoria leaf spot in tomatoes.

If your spring and summer garden struggled or you just want to keep the harvest going, fall gardens are a great choice.

Garden tips

·        Divide and replant crowded hybrid iris (bearded iris) after flowering until August. When planting, take care not to plant the rhizomes too deeply. Cover them with an inch of soil or less. Do not mulch iris.

·        Water all plants deeply and early in the morning. Most plants need approximately 1 to 2 inches of water per week. Rather than watering daily, water less often and more deeply.

·        Some trees, such as sycamores and river birches, lose large numbers of leaves in the heat of summer. Trees do this to reduce water loss from their leaves. It is a coping action by the tree; it is not dying.

·        Master Gardener training begins in September. We will have two informational sessions in August for you to see if the Master Gardeners is a good way for you to serve our community and make some great friends. Check out our website for more information: tulsamastergardeners.or

How to Control Bagworms

Control of Bagworms

Brian Jervis: Ask a Master Gardener

Sunday, July 7, 2019

Q: It seems like every year about this time I get bagworms on my evergreen trees. Why does that occur and what can I do about it? Rob W., Broken Arrow

A: The first evidence of Oklahoma bagworm infestation appears in early June on our arborvitae, juniper, pine, spruce and red cedars. So June and July are the months to scout out and remove those pesky bagworms that appear on our evergreens. Look for small cocoons that are decorated with organic material from the host tree and are attached to such with silk-like threads. While a mild infestation is mostly a cosmetic issue, a heavy infestation can actually defoliate and kill smaller plants. And once a plant becomes infected, the bagworm then becomes a persistent problem unless controlled. Thus, breaking the annual cycle is critical for the health of our evergreens.

The life cycle

Although the small bags start to appear in June, the bagworm’s life cycle actually begins the previous fall when eggs are laid and overwintered within the bags of 1-year-old females. The eggs hatch in April, and the young larvae begin to feed and construct their personal summer palaces.

Bagworm caterpillars then feed for about six weeks, enlarging the bag as they grow and withdrawing into it when disturbed. When the larvae are mature, they fasten the bag to a plant stem or branch with a silk-like thread. Pupation occurs in the bag in late summer, and in the fall, the males emerge and start their search for wingless females who are immobilized in their bags. After mating, the females lay hundreds of white eggs and then evacuate the bag and die. The eggs remain protected within the bag until they hatch the following June. Fortunately, these bag decorators only produce one generation per year.

Bagworms are found in most states east of the Rocky Mountains and are common to all areas of Oklahoma. Although bagworms prefer evergreens, they can be found on bald cypress, maple, box elder, sycamore, willow, black locust and oaks. Fortunately, activity by natural enemies, such as wasps, birds and predatory insects, help curb bagworm populations, which helps to explain population fluctuations from year to year.

Control measures

Small infestations can be reduced by simply handpicking the bags anytime of the year. Once picked, be sure to burn or destroy the bags and their viable eggs.

Chemical controls are a more complete approach and are effective if applied when the larvae are small in early June in Oklahoma. Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) kurstaki is a bacterial insecticide reported to provide good control of bagworms. Also effective are products that contain the active ingredient spinosad, another microbial agent. Be sure to read and follow all label directions.

Insecticides must be ingested by the caterpillars or larvae to achieve kill, so be patient as it will take some time to see results. Repeat application two weeks following initial application may be needed because not all eggs hatch at the same time or there may be wind-spread migration from other host trees.

Although it may be a little too late to go to the full pesticide route this year, you can still hand-pick and destroy the bags, and now, be armed with the needed information to get ahead of the situation next year.

Garden tips

• Watch for tiny, sap-sucking insects called aphids on roses, perennial flowers, shrubs and vegetables (especially tomatoes). They produce a sticky substance called “honeydew”. Many can be dislodged simply with a hard spray from your garden hose or two applications of insecticidal soap will usually greatly reduce any aphid damage to your plants.

• Crapemyrtles are one of the few shrubs that should be planted in the middle of summer. Growth of new roots of these plants occurs best with summer soil temperatures.

• For all your plants (ornamental or vegetable) mulching and correct watering are the keys to surviving the heat of the summer. Mulch conserves water and reduces ground temperature.

• Fescue lawns need 2 inches of water per week to survive summer. Bermuda grass needs about half that amount. Watering less frequently and more deeply is much better than daily shallow watering as it coaxes the roots to go deeper which promotes survival during hot, dry spells.

• Brown patch disease of fescue lawns is appearing now which is related to excessive rains, heat and high humidity. Wet grass leaves promote the disease. Therefore, watering in the mornings which allows the leaves to dry during the day, leads to less likelihood of infections. Fungicides are available, but OSU feels the fungicides that are available to homeowners are not nearly as effective as those available to professional licensed applicators. Note that all such chemicals will only prevent new disease at best.